This report, prepared for UNESCO and the International Council on Archives (ICA) by Laura Millar representing the International Records Management Trust, extends the analysis and recommendations of the 2002 ICA report to UNESCO on authenticity of electronic records, especially with regard to developing countries. To enable wider access to its findings, ICA has decided to publish this report as an ICA Study. The central question addressed by this report is: what measures are necessary for records and archives professionals, especially in developing countries, to ensure the authenticity of electronic records and so ensure the preservation of, and continued access to, society’s documentary memory?