3. Utilisation de documents et d'archives à des fins juridiques, de défense de promotion ou dans le cadre de processus de réconciliation
Veuillez noter que les synthèses et les biographies remises par les intervenants ont été publiées en l'état. Les différents documents remis pour le Congrès 2016 n’ont été ni traduits ni corrigés, cette décision de l’ICA étant de nature à mieux faire ressortir la diversité et le caractère international de l’association, comme vous pourrez le constater par vous-mêmes.
Tuesday 6 September - Next Day
SESSION 1.5 RECONCILIATION PART 1
Date : Tuesday 6 September 2016 16:45-18:15
Room : HALL E6
Available in languages ENG
In Australia and elsewhere, government inquiries have sought, or are currently seeking, to identify the extent of child abuse occurring in institutional and ‘out-of-home’ care. Increasingly, these inquiries are asking survivors to give personal accounts of their abuse, so that they can achieve justice and redress. The evidence of this abuse is often provided through case records and memory. Rarely do individual accounts rely on information from the administrative records of agencies charged with the oversight of children in ‘out-of-home’ care. However, in Western Australia, the administrative records created by the government agencies in charge of the institutional and ‘out of home’ care of children in times past, have been found to generate a very rich vein of information to support, supplement and – in many instances – take the place of the case records, which were sometimes routinely destroyed in historic culls. These administrative records are now held by the State Records Office of Western Australia (SROWA) as State archives. Our presentation will discuss how access to these archives, or to the information held in them, helps lay bare the ‘what’, the ‘when’ and, sometimes, the ‘why’ of abuse - a good starting point for any journey towards truth, justice and reconciliation. The presentation will also explore the reason why government decided to keep these records – what future purpose did administrators and the Western Australian Parliament think their preservation would serve? Did the few inquiries into the treatment of Aboriginal people in Western Australia at the beginning of the twentieth century influence later preservation strategies? Or has the role of archives in supporting advocacy and achieving justice simply been an unanticipated benefit?
Gerard FOLEY, Debra ROSSER (co-presenter)
Gerard FOLEY, State Records Office of Western Australia, Australia
Gerard Foley, Senior Archivist, State Records Office of Western Australia. Gerard Foley has degrees in history and library and archives studies and has worked as an archivist for 25 years. Since 2006 he has been part of the Archives team at the State Records Office of Western Australia (SROWA) and is responsible for SROWA’s public programs, for overseeing search room services to researchers, and ensuring those State archives that have restricted access status are made accessible to the public according to State Records legislation. A professional member of the Australian Society of Archivists (ASA), from 2003-2008 he was on the National Council of the ASA. He is currently the Convenor of the ASA’s Western Australian branch.
Debra ROSSER, Blair Fox Pty Ltd, Australia
Dr Debra Rosser is a consultant sociologist and historical researcher with a proven track record in developing finding aids for government and not-for-profit agencies - locating records of people who were placed in out of home care or adopted as children. Key finding aids include Signposts: A Guide for Children and Young People in Care in WA from 1920; ROADS: Records of Adoption; PHIND Personal History Index for former child migrants to Catholic Homes in Australia 1938-1965; and the Find & Connect web resource (Western Australian content) http://www.findandconnect.gov.au/ref/wa/browse.html. Deb has also worked directly with applicants to Redress WA, a government scheme developed to acknowledge the impact of abuse in out of home care. She is currently the Principal Researcher for the Department for Child Protection and Family Support (Western Australia) Restricted Archives Preservation project.
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P012 Witnesses to the truth: managing the records of difficult times
Available in languages ENG
In its role of acquiring, preserving and providing access to Canada’s documentary heritage, Library and Archives Canada (LAC) has worked extensively with the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) to compile an unprecedented historical record of one of the darkest chapters in Canada’s history, the Indian Residential School System. In doing this work, LAC is helping to fulfill the commitments Canada made as a signatory to the Indian Residential Schools Settlement Agreement, which sets out the framework for reconciliation across Canada, as well as following the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. The recent release of the report of the TRC, in December, 2015, and the establishment of a National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation (NCTR) distinct from Library and Archives Canada, have raised numerous questions about how government records are used for justice, for validation, and for healing. One of the most fundamental principles behind the work of the TRC was the need for public truth sharing as part of the healing process. Archives themselves are vital witnesses to the past, and their stories need to be told. Yet in an area as sensitive as the impact of the schools on survivors and their communities, the balance between what is public and what is private is a delicate one. The rights and responsibilities of all the parties involved must be respected, and there is a complex relationship between memory organizations, all levels of government, the records themselves, and people whose lives may be changed forever by the release of material whose public or private status may not be clear. This means that ongoing dialogue must continue, so that the rights associated with access to information, the limits of privacy, and the need to be consistent about what should or should not be forgotten, are taken into account.
Guy BERTHIAUME
Guy BERTHIAUME, Library and Archives Canada, Canada
Dr. Guy Berthiaume assumed the position of Librarian and Archivist of Canada on June 23, 2014. Prior to joining Library and Archives Canada, he was the Chair and Chief Executive Officer of the Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec between 2009 and 2014, following a 30‑year career in academia. Dr. Berthiaume holds a Doctorate in History. In addition to serving as a professor of Ancient History at the Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), he held administrative positions focusing on research and university development. Previous roles include Vice-President, Development and Public Affairs, Université de Montréal, and Vice-President, Research and Creation, UQAM.
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Date : Tuesday 6 September 2016 16:45-18:15
Room : 308
P017 The Archive of Oppressed Literature in the German Democratic Republic (GDR)
Available in languages ENG
The ‘Archive of Oppressed Literature in the GDR’ (AOL), founded by Ines Geipel and Joachim Walther, is a project funded by the Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship for the purpose of research into works of literature produced in the Soviet Occupation Zone (SBZ) or the German Democratic Republic which have hitherto remained unknown because they were subject to total or partial censorship.Literature in the GDR was more diverse and ambiguous than the texts published in its day suggest. Given all we now know about censorship practices and political constraints in the GDR this fact is unlikely to cause astonishment. Yet unpublished literary manuscripts that portrayed a different image of the state and society than the officially propagated one failed to reach the general public even after 1989. The foundation and requisite documentation of the AOL foster a broader and more cogent appraisal of literary production in the GDR. With its compiled and now publicly accessible texts, the Archive provides hitherto completely unknown material that serves both as a complement to and a revision of the literary canon such as was defined by official literary criticism in the GDR and, frequently, also indiscriminately adopted in the West.A further important aim of the project is to morally rehabilitate authors who were spurned in the GDR and to bring their texts, which had no chance of being published when first written, to public attention today.The review to date of unpublished texts reveals that the driving force in this context was a politically motivated elimination of literary voices, namely of those literati who were not prepared to accept the restrictions imposed on their personal freedom as authors by the cultural policy of the day with regard either to concrete or representational intent, choice of subject matter or formal aesthetic considerations.The project AOL is an example of how the archival tradition can be perpetuated with the aid of strategic documentation.
Matthias BUCHHOLZ
Matthias BUCHHOLZ, Federal Foundation for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Eastern Germany, Germany
bis 1996 Studies archival science and history at Humboldt University to Berlin 1996 bis 2000 scientific traineeship and freelance activity in the Archivberatungsstelle Rheinland des Rheinischen Archiv- und Museumsamtes im Landschaftsverband Rheinland (Pulheim-Brauweiler) seit Oktober 2000 Leader of the archives of the Federal Foundation for the Reappraisal of the SED Dictatorship 2001 Doctorate to the PhD (with a work for the archival appraisal masses of uniform individual case files)
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SESSION 1.7 / P018 Records and Justice: reflections on the farmer workers experience
Available in languages ENG
Farmer workers are a unique group of citizens in China: they are farmers by government policy yet they are workers by the nature of what they do for a living. This group has been in existence for thirty years and the number of its members continues to grow. According to China’s 2014 Annual Report on the Development of Human Resources and Social Security, there were in total close to 300 million farmer workers in the country and the number includes an increase of more than 6 million from the previous year. Two reasons account for this phenomenon: first, the fact that this group’s constitution granted right of working (Article 42, Constitution of the People’s Republic of China) is in reality limited by the rural-urban dual system established by the Regulations on Hukou/Residency Registration of China, and second, the fact that a large number of farmers were freed from their lands by China’s historic economic reform, who desire strongly to move into urban areas for jobs that are not farm-related. Members of this group, while now work and live in towns and cities, are recognized as different from the “real” urban residents, i.e., those who own an urban hukon by government registration. As a result, they are treated differently by government policies, in particular when it comes to resource allocations. Research on farmer workers started in the early 1980s and has so far generated a sizable body of findings, either intra- or inter-disciplinarily. The most salient feature of these studies rest on the identify issue of farmer workers, a telling indicator of injustice embedded in government policies. It is this feature that inspired the conduct of the present study, about which this panel intends to report.
Huiling FENG, Sherry L. XIE, Linqing MA
Huiling Feng, Renmin University of China, China
PhD (Renmin University of China), Professor at School of Information Resource Management in Renmin University of China. Interested in digital records management and archival theory.
Sherry L. Xie, Renmin University of China, Canada
not provided
Linqing Ma, Renmin University of China, China
not provided
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Wednesday 7 September - Previous Day - Next Day
SESSION 2.5 PRIVACY AND ACCESS
Date : Wednesday 7 September 2016 09:50-11:20
Room : HALL E6
Available in languages ENG
The Dutch General Intelligence and Security Service (Algemene Inlichtingen- en Veiligheidsdienst - AIVD) is very much in the vanguard of our national security. It seeks to identify risks and threats as early as possible, before they become apparent. This is done by conducting in-depth investigations to gather intelligence material.In regard to archiving, the Security Service is acting under the Dutch Public Records Act 1995, but primarily under the Intelligence and Security Services Act (Wiv 2002). The Security Services Act will be renewed later this year and this will have its impact on the availability for the Dutch public of security files. Providing archival information to the general public is possible under the Open Government Act, as any person may apply to the Security Service to inspect any information it holds on them or on a deceased spouse, partner, child or parent. The Open Government Act also makes it possible to request information on specific subjects related to the main tasks and areas of interest of the Security service.With the soon to be approved retention schedule the Dutch Security Service will set up a program to transfer files to the National Archives. The program will run from 2016 - 2022 and will included files from 1946 onwards. After the transfer, the files are made available to the Dutch public for reading and research.This ICA 2016 presentation will focus on these recent developments on archival developments within the Security Service.
Wilco SCHEPEN
Wilco SCHEPEN, Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, Netherlands
Wilco Schepen studied library science in Tilburg and history at the university of Leiden. His professional career includes several positions at the university library Leiden, the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment, Ingressus and the Dutch Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations.
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The years from 1968 – 2000 were to see major political and civil unrest in Northern Ireland. This period, commonly referred to as the ‘troubles’, saw thousands of people killed and injured in a sustained cycle of violence as competing sides clashed over the exact nature of Northern Ireland’s constitutional status.
Since 1997 the CAIN Conflict Archive on the INternet Web service, based within INCORE (INternational COnflict REsearch Institute) at Ulster University, has been making available a wide range of information and source material about the Northern Ireland conflict and politics post 1968. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/
From the outset CAIN has sought to work with organizations with relevant information in order to make digital versions of their materials available to a wider audience on-line. An obvious example of this has been the partnership CAIN has developed with the two national archives on the island of Ireland, NAI (National Archive, Ireland) and PRONI (Public Record Office of Northern Ireland) to widen access to ‘troubles’ related documents online. This has been done by the selection and subsequent digitisation of a limited number of public records, released under the Annual Release Scheme, which relate to the conflict and politics in Northern Ireland.
Given the participation of the NAI and PRONI in this project and the complementary nature of the material they both hold, CAIN has greatly enhanced the range of on-line and available resources into conflict studies and the utilisation of the Northern Ireland experience as a case study from a variety of perspectives.
Collaborative undertakings such as these serve to increase public awareness and understanding of the conflict through the dissemination of the information contained in primary source documents. The resources of CAIN are used by a range of interested people including students of history and politics in third-level institutions and by staff in public administration.
John MCDONOUGH, Brendan LYNN
John MCDONOUGH, National Archives, Ireland
John McDonough was appointed Director of the National Archives in December 2014. As Director John is responsible for the progression of archival policy and procedures within government departments and agencies and is currently overseeing the move from a 30 to a 20 year rule release of government records.
Prior to his appointment, he worked as Head of Collections in the Library & Research Service of the Houses of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament) supporting and delivering online research outputs and information services to members. He holds post graduate qualifications in Archival Studies and an MSc in ICT Systems. John has previously worked as project manager of University College Dublin's Digital Library, and in the Irish State broadcaster digitising its radio archive.
Brendan Lynn, CAIN - University of Ulster, United Kingdom
Dr Brendan Lynn is currently a Research Associate with the Conflict Archive on the INternet project (CAIN; http://cain.ulster.ac.uk/ ) based within the School of Criminology, Politics and Social Policy at Ulster University. A graduate of the same institution, he has in the past taught history at Ulster University, Queen’s University Belfast and St Mary’s University College Belfast. Before becoming a member of the CAIN in 2002 team he worked on the Dictionary of Irish Biography (DIB) and has written extensively on developments in nationalist politics in Northern Ireland since 1945.
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SESSION 2.6 MANAGING INFORMATION AS RECORDS
Date : Wednesday 7 September 2016 09:50-11:20
Room : 307
Available in languages ENG FRA KOR SPA
Archives and records management must play a central role in conflict resolution, in the defense of human rights and the fight against corruption. On the one hand archives are centers that protect authentic and quality documents. On the other, records management is a methodology that protects the efficiency, effectiveness and reliability of actions initiated to protect citizens' rights and encourage their participation in decision-making processes. These are the principles that have determined advocacy actions of our profession by the Association of Archivists and Records Managers of Catalonia. In this presentation we want to show how we can also fight for a fairer world from the defense of our profession. Five initiatives have served to enhance these aspects:
- Active participation in the Transparency, Access to Information and Good Governance Act of Catalonia has allowed us to include records management as the technical foundation of any advertising information on specific portals and to connect information with its original and primary sources. Under the campaign "Transparency in depth" we have fixed a stable framework of collaboration between professionals and politicians to improve transparency policies.
- Active collaboration with the Anti-Fraud Office of Catalonia to break opacity, to promote access to public information in cases of corruption, and to articulate a true accountability. The AOC has established a cooperation protocol, a framework for exchange of knowledge and a series of concrete actions to promote records management as a weapon against corruption.
- The use of records management to help uncover malpractice in the use of documents. In this aspect, AAC has alerted about the "4F case", in which Barcelona local police documentation related to alleged tortures was disposed of without control, and the Parliament corruption inquiry commission called « Jordi Pujol comission», who was former president of Catalonia,
Joan SOLER, Vicenç RUIZ
Joan SOLER, Associació Arxivers - Gestors de Documents de Catalunya, Spain
President of the Association of Archivists and Records Managers of Catalonia. Director in the Terrassa Historical Archive. Professor on Diplomatics in ESAGED in UAB and UB. Member of the Steering Committee of SPA and member of the Advocacy Expert Group of ICA.
Vicenç RUIZ, Associació Arxivers - Gestors de Documents de Catalunya, Spain
not provided
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SESSION 4.7 RECONCILIATION PART 2
Date : Wednesday 7 September 2016 15:05-16:35
Room : 308
Presentations: P080 / P081 / P082
Available in languages FRE
Il y a 40 ans, les services secrets des pays du cône Sud se réunissaient au Chili afin de coordonner la persécution des opposants politiques en exil non seulement en Amérique du Sud mais aussi sur d’autres continents. Ils nommèrent « Condor » cette opération dite de contre-insurrection. Le Centre international pour la promotion des droits de l’homme (CIPDH), Centre II de l’UNESCO, a publié en novembre 2015 un livre sur le sujet. Cette publication met l'accent, entre autres, sur l'importance des archives dans l'éclaircissement des crimes commis par le système Condor. À l’occasion de la sortie de ce livre, le CIPDH souhaite mettre en avant le rôle des archives en Amérique du Sud dans les procès des crimes contre l’humanité, dans le journalisme d’investigation et finalement au sein des sociétés civiles. Selon les pays et les époques, ces archives connaissent des réalités diverses: en Argentine, les archives de la CONADEP (1983-1984) constituent encore la base des procès qui ont lieu depuis 10 ans ; au Brésil, les archives de la dictature sont difficilement accessibles; au Paraguay, les archives liées à Condor ont permis de nombreux procès… mais seulement dans d'autres pays. Le traitement, la conservation et l'utilisation des archives des dictatures donnent un assez bon aperçu de la place des dictatures des années 1970-1980 au sein des sociétés sudaméricaines actuelles. L'Opération Condor a tout de même la particularité d’avoir bousculé jusqu’à la souveraineté même des pays concernés. Le cas Pinochet, ancien dictateur chilien arrêté à Londres en 1998 par un juge espagnol, concernant la déportation illégale de prisonniers politiques depuis l'Argentine constitue un bon exemple : les répercussions internationales furent telles que les États-Unis durent déclasser des milliers d’archives liées à Condor et aux dictatures latino-américaines.
Grégoire CHAMPENOIS
Grégoire CHAMPENOIS, Centre International pour la Promotion des Droits de l'Homme (CIPDH), Centre II UNESCO, Argentina
Depuis 2015: Chercheur au Centre International pour la Promotion des Droits de l'Homme (CIPDH), Centre II de l’Unesco (Argentine). 2012-2013: Responsable des archives publiques, Archives départementales de Seine-Saint-Denis (France). 2009-2012: Responsable du service Archivage de la Maison Départementale des Personnes Handicapées des Hauts-de-Seine (France). 2007-2009: Archiviste aux Archives Nationales de la Mémoire (Argentine). Titulaire du concours d’attaché de conservation du patrimoine (2010) et du Master « métiers des archives, culture » de l’Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (2004/2005).
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P081 Mass crime archives: how to "deal with" the archives of the French slave trade?
Available in languages FRE
Les archives d'un crime de masse : comment "traiter" les archives de la traite négrière française ?Le port français de La Rochelle contribua particulièrement au commerce d'esclaves appelé "traite négrière", puisqu'il fut au 18e siècle le deuxième port négrier de France.Situées dans cette ville, les Archives départementales de la Charente Maritime conservent un fonds exceptionnel de sources qui illustrent le fonctionnement de la traite vue de France : journaux de bords des navires, correspondances de armateurs, livres de comptes où les Noirs sont dénombrés comme du bétail et appelés "nègres" ou "pièces d'Inde", témoignages manuscrits, plans et dessins des bateaux et des plantations... témoignent de ce commerce souvent très lucratif, véritable crime ordinaire, intégré dans un vaste système d'échanges mondialisés.Davantage que l'histoire de la traite et de ses conséquences jusqu'à nos jours - aspects très étudiés par les historiens, politologues et sociologues - c'est le rôle des archives et de leur utilisation auprès d'un public européen qui sera au centre de notre réflexion.Si l'on croit que la justive et la réconciliation passent nécessairement par l'existence et l'utilisation d'archives fiables et exploitables, si l'on pense que les archives ont un rôle décisif à jouer dans le cas de violations massives des droits humains, alors comment évoquer ce crime de masse (six millions d'être humains en auraient été victimes durant le seul 18e siècle) à travers ces fonds, certes très riches, mais lacunaires par bien des aspects ?Le problème se pose d'autant plus qu'ils sont largement issus de eux qui ont perpétré le crime, non de ceux qui l'ont subi. Quelle utilisation peut-on faire de ces documents rédigés par le capitaine ou l'armateur ? Quelle objectivité, quelle crédibilité peut-on accorder à ces documents pour "témoigner" au nom des esclaves ? Comment remédier aux importantes lacunes dans ces fonds ou à l'absence de témoignages croisés ?
Louis Gilles PAIRAULT
Louis Gilles PAIRAULT, Ministère de la Culture / Archives départementales de la Charente-Maritime, France, France
Louis-Gilles Pairault est archiviste paléographe, et conservateur en chef du patrimoine. Il a dirigé de 2003 à 2013 les Archives de la Ville de Nice (Alpes-Maritimes, France). Il est à présent directeur des Archives départementales de la Charente-Maritime, en poste à La Rochelle (France). Il a publié plusieurs ouvrages, parmi lesquels : - Le Saut des Français, Ouest France, 2012 ; - Le Choix des couleurs : quand Nice devint française, Mémoires millénaires, 2010 ; - De l'abeille au ruban bleu : Nice de Garibaldi, Serre éditeur, 2008. - Nice italienne, une mémoire occultée, in : Les maltraitances archivistiques, Université catholique de Louvain, 2010. - Maires courage de La Rochelle, Le Croit Vif, 2014 (en coll.). Il a dirigé également la publication du dossier pédagogique Le commerce triangulaire et la traite négrière rochelaise (2014).
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SESSION 4.9 LEGAL PERSPECTIVES
Date : Wednesday 7 September 2016 15:05-16:35
Room : 327
Available in languages ENG KOR
As it is the procedure in which litigant parties or potential litigant parties can request lawsuit data to the counterpart in order to collect and preserve data about lawsuit, originally discovery (discovery procedure) is one of important lawsuit procedures before lawsuit on the merits. In other words, it refers to the system to disclosure the data related to events between litigant parties by mutual requests, it is compulsory procedure in US proceeding. Under the Ubiquitous environment in accordance with the development and expansion of ICT technology, its scope has been expanded to the digital evidence and computerized record extracted digital device so the discovery with intangible computerized information or e-record of hard disk or online and network started to play more important role during suit rather than the tangible evidence of off-line. Especially domestic companies have precautions when preparing and corresponding e-Discovery, we have a possibility of conflict with ‘Act on information communication network use promotion and information protection’ or ‘Act on private information protection’ of our country when submitting the private information of the third party related to event to the counterpart of suit without the permission of information subject. Also our law regulates that the private information should be irrevocably destructed when the retention period is completed or the purpose of information is achieved. This is very important issue which is conflict with the duty of document preservation which is the essential contents of e-Discovery. The introduction of e-Discovery is urgent to us in the information age of today, but its preparation is not thorough yet. While introducing the discovery procedure of Criminal Procedure Act that is already adopted and operated, we will announce the discussion of civil suit and future directions in ICA general meeting in Seoul.
Wan Kyu JANG
Wan Kyu JANG, Yong-In Songdam College, Republic of Korea
고려대학교 법과대학을 졸업한 뒤 고려대학교 일반대학원에서 법학석사와 법학박사 학위를 받았다. 법무부 연구위원, 국민권익위원회 재정세무 및 국방보훈과의 전문위원 등을 역임하였고, 현재 용인송담대학교 법률실무과 교수로 재직하고 있다. 또한 국가기술표준원 기록물관리전문위원 ISO TC46/SC11 전문위원회에서 아카이브와 기록관리의 표준을 마련하는데 참여하고 있으며, (사)한국피해자지원협회(KOVA) 자격관리부위원장을 맡고 있다. 국제전자문서학회, 한국민사소송법학회, 한국민사집행법학회, 인터넷법제도포럼 등에서 회원 또는 이사로 있다. 현재 ICA 서울총회의 학술분과 자문위원으로 위촉되어 서울총회의 성공적 개최를 위하여 노력하며 활동 중에 있다.
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P088 The introduction and problem of e-discovery in the Republic of Korea
Available in languages ENG KOR
The importance of intelligent property is recognized in a social manner, and interest in it is on the rise. This increase in interest is backed by the emergence of a variety of intelligent property, added value created with this and the involvement of a variety of parties interested in this. Furthermore, this interest in intelligent property is causing conflicts and disputes among related parties. Damage suits according to infringement of patent rights are being raised frequently, and disputes as to the trademark, design and copyrights are also skyrocketing. In the process of these disputes, a discussion to prepare an institution to protect the person with the rights effectively is under progress. In this process of discussion, foreign legal procedure, study of institution and its introduction are being accomplished. Especially, the composition of intelligent property institution and discussion of harmony centered on USA are influencing the Republic of Korea. As one of these phenomena, there is a debate under progress to introduce e-discovery of US driven by the Korean Intelligent Property Office that has control over Korean intelligent property. That is, we are assessing that one of the factors that the strong enforcement of intelligent property rights suits of USdu is discovery, and a study is under debate to introduce a strong evidence collection as the US and enhance the effect of patent rights at patent infringement suits whose infringement by the counterpart or the amount of damages are difficult to prove. Moreover, electronic discovery, that is e-discovery, is to be introduced. Any person that sues at a court in the Republic of Korea can sue with e-documents while not submitting paper documents.
Ji Young KIM
Ji Young KIM, Hanyang University, Republic of Korea
(전) 한국지식재산연구원 선임연구원, (전) 광운대학교 법학과 강사, 한양대학교 법학연구소 지적재산&정보법센터 전문연구원, 한국전자문서산업협회 자문위원
Thursday 8 September - Previous Day - Next Day
SESSION 5.2 RECONCILIATION PART 3
Date : Thursday 8 September 2016 09:50-11:20
Room : HALL E1+2
P094 Righting Past Wrongs: Using Records to Promote Healing and Reconciliation in Brazil and Canada: "Resistance and Archives: Part of Slavery History in Brazil On-line"/ "Promises to Keep: The Archives of the Truth & Reconciliation Commission in Canada" / "Documenting Human Rights Over Time: From Slave Trade Protest to the UN Declaration of Indigenous Rights"
Available in languages ENG
Lucia Maria Velloso de Oliveira: "Resistance and Archives: Part of Slavery History in Brazil On-line"
Shelley Sweeney: "Promises to Keep: The Archives of the Truth & Reconciliation Commission in Canada"
Raymond Frogner: "Documenting Human Rights Over Time: From Slave Trade Protest to the UN Declaration of Indigenous Rights"
Records are being used to promote reconciliation in the aftermath of human rights violations in Brazil and Canada and archivists are actively contributing to the healing of societal trauma by providing access to these records. Collecting and accessing records that detail human rights violations provide a sense of justice when it is not possible to hold individual perpetrators to account. Record keepers must ensure the integrity and the long-term preservation of these records. The Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa recently launched a website about slavery, abolition and the post-abolition period in Brazil. The aim of the archives team was to create a site where researchers would be able to encounter digital copies of primary and secondary sources, links and a controlled vocabulary relating to slavery, abolition and post-abolition. They have created an area for young people to explore digital copies of historical documents while playing memory and word games, quizzes, and palaeographical challenges. The second initiative is the creation of the National Centre for Truth & Reconciliation (NCTR) at the University of Manitoba in Canada to house the Survivor testimonies gathered by the Truth & Reconciliation Commission on Indian Residential Schools and scans of over five million records from government and churches that ran the schools. The aim of the centre is to actively promote reconciliation through a web site to allow Survivors to access their own records, and members of the public to access open records. Other initiatives include the publication of books, consultations and major educational gatherings. These two approaches in Brazil and Canada strengthen the role of records and recordkeeping in ensuring that past wrongs do not get sanitized or worse, erased, by governments, organizations and individuals with a vested interest in ensuring that the truth is not preserved, so that true reconciliation and healing can occur.
Shelley SWEENEY, Raymond FROGNER, Lucia Maria VELLOSO DE OLIVEIRA
Shelley SWEENEY, University of Manitoba Archives & Special Collections, Canada
Shelley Sweeney has been Head, University of Manitoba Archives & Special Collections, in Winnipeg, Canada, since 1998 and University Archivist at the University of Regina from 1983 to 1998. She was President of the Association of Canadian Archivists (ACA) and later Secretary General of the Bureau of Canadian Archivists. Sweeney represented the Saskatchewan Council of Archives at the ICA Congress in Paris, France, in 1988 and joined the ICA in 1992. She was a founding member of the ICA Section on University and Research Institution Archives (SUV) and a Steering Committee member of the Section of Professional Associations (SPA) in 2006–07. Sweeney worked on a committee compiling a bid to host the National Centre for Truth & Reconciliation in 2009. Later she became co-chair of the Implementation Committee once the bid was accepted by the Truth & Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in 2013. She was on the leadership team for the National Centre, now located on the campus of the University of Manitoba. Sweeney received a BA, Latin, in 1981, and was in the first class of the Master of Archival Studies program, graduating in 1985 at UBC. Sweeney received her Ph.D. in Archival Enterprise from UT Austin in 2002.
Raymond FROGNER, National Centre for Truth & Reconciliation Archives, Canada
Raymond Frogner is the new Head, National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation Archives, at the University of Manitoba. He has a Master of History degree from the University of Victoria and a Master of Archival Studies degree from the University of British Columbia. He was the archivist responsible for the private records program at the University of Alberta for ten years from 2001 to 2011.He was responsible for the private records accession program at the Royal British Columbia Museum (RCBM) for five years (2011-2016) and wrote the private records appraisal policy for the RCBM. He also wrote the institution’s official response to the recommendations of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. He is a two-time winner of the the Association of Canadian Archivists’ W. Kaye Lamb Prize for the “Best Article Published in Archivaria”, for 2010-2011 and 2014-2015. He is past winner of the Alan D. Ridge Award from the Archives Society of Alberta for the best article. He is also the recipient of the Joan and John Walton Innovation Fund Award for his digital work on the Ida Halpern fonds at the Royal British Columbia Museum. His areas of specialty include digital records and archival records of Aboriginal identity.
Lucia Maria Velloso de Oliveira? Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa -FCRB, Brazil
Lucia Maria Velloso de Oliveira has a doctorate in Social History from the Universidade de São Paulo (2011). She graduated in History from the Universidade Federal of Rio de Janeiro (1986) and in Archival Science from the Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (1992). She has master's degree in Information Science from the Instituto Brasileiro de Informação e Ciência e Tecnologia and Universidade Federal Fluminense (2006). She chaired the Associação dos Arquivistas Brasileiros (AAB) for 10 years. She has led the Historical and Institutional Archives Service in Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa since 2002. She joined the Editorial Board of the journal Archive & Management of the AAB. She was a professor at the Universidade Federal Fluminense (2007-2008) and she is a member of the SUV/ International Council on Archives. She taught Documentary treatment in permanent files in the Conservation and Management of Cultural Heritage Sciences and Health course in FIOCRUZ 2016. At present she is a collaborator Professor in the Graduate Program in Information Science from Universidade Federal Fluminense, and a permanent professor in the Post-Graduate Programme in Memory and Archives of the Fundação Casa de Rui Barbosa / Professional Master which she has coordinated since 2015.
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Date : Thursday 8 September 2016 11:45-13:15
Room : HALL E6
P115 Archivists in Support of Human Rights 1: The Basic Principles of the Role of Archivists in Support of Human Rights: An Introduction 2: The struggle for opening up the ‘repression files’ in Belgium 3: Les droits de l'Homme à l'origine de l'expérience des Archives du Maroc
Available in languages ENG and FRE
1: The Basic Principles of the Role of Archivists in Support of Human Rights: An Introduction (ENG)
This paper discusses the general thrust of the Basic Principles and shows that they are solidly grounded in UN conventions, declarations, recommendations and official reports. In her 2011 report, the UN Special Rapporteur in the field of cultural rights Farida Shaheed recommended that professionals working in the field of cultural heritage “adopt a human rights-based approach” and “develop rules and guidelines in this respect.” The Basic Principles move along the lines indicated by such recommendations.
2. The struggle for opening up the ‘repression files’ in Belgium (ENG)
In Belgium, the period in which collaborators were called into account is known as “repression”, which is a (legal) term borrowed from the French répression meaning “punishment”. In this context, about 350,000 court files were opened (1944-1950) for persons suspected of collaboration with the German occupant. Military courts were responsible for the punishment of collaboration and war crimes.
Criticism about the restrictive access policy has been growing in the last years, as exemplified by various opinion papers by historians that regularly hit the news. The State Archives also supports the struggle of the descendants for insight into the files of their relatives.
Access to the repression files will enable us to examine the matters of facts recorded in archives and to have an objective view on the past.
3: Les droits de l'Homme à l'origine de l'expérience des Archives du Maroc (FRE)
Au Maroc, il a fallu attendre les recommendations de l'Instance Equité et Réconciliation, chargée en 2004 d'assainir la situation des Droits de l'Homme au Maroc pendant la période 1956-1999, pour qu'une réglementation des archives, la première sous le Maroc indépendant, voie le jour le 30 novembre 2007 et pour qu'un processus de mise en place de l'establissement Archives du Maroc intervienne au printemps 2011.
La présente intervention se propose de revenir sur cet épisode original, de le contextualiser et d'évoquer la dynamique qu'il a engendrée dans la gestion des archives publiques et dans la diffusion d'une culture des archives.
Giulia BARRERA, Karin VAN HONACKER, Jamaâ BAIDA, Antonio GONZÁLEZ QUINTANA
Giulia BARRERA, Directorate of Archives, Italy
Giulia Barrera is an archivist and historian (Ph.D. in African history, Northwestern University, 2002). She is in charge of international relations in the Italian Directorate of Archives. Her scholarly interests focus on the one hand on issues of gender and race in colonial Eritrea and on the other hand on the intersections between archives, citizens’ rights and human rights. She published over twenty-five scholarly papers, co-edited a few finding aids and a volume on Asmara’s architecture and urban planning. She sits as elected member of the High Council on Cultural Heritage (Italy) and is a member of the ICA Working Group on Archives and Human Rights.
Karin VAN HONACKER, State Archives in Belgium, Belgium
Karin VAN HONACKER has worked at the University of Brussels as a history researcher and part-time professor, specialized in state formation and political conflict in the 17th-18th centuries. In 1999 she joined the Belgian State Archives as an archivist in the State Archives in Antwerp. In 2007 she moved to the National Archives in Brussels, where she was appointed head of the newly created department ‘Communication and services to the public’. From 2014 onwards, she is responsible for the international relations and for the follow-up – among other things – of the EU issues concerning archives (data protection, copyright, re-use of information, Horizon 2020).
She’s a member of the EURBICA executive board and is also closely involved in the Archives Portal Europe project, since secretary of the Governing Board of the APE Foundation.
Jamaâ BAIDA, Archives of Morocco, Morocco
Jamaâ BAIDA, diplômé de l'Université Mohammed V de Rabat et de l'Université de Bordeaux III, il est depuis 1982 enseignant-chercheur à l'Université Mohammed V-Rabat. Ancien secrétaire général de l’Association Marocaine pour la Recherche Historique (AMRH), membre-fondateur et coordinateur du Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches sur le Judaïsme Marocain (GREJM), membre du Groupe de Recherche Islamo-Chrétien (G.R.I.C). Il est également membre du comité de rédaction de Hespéris-Tamuda et ancien directeur de la revue La Recherche Historique. Il est auteur et co-auteur de plusieurs ouvrages et d'une soixantaine d'articles portant sur l’Histoire Contemporaine et l’histoire du Temps Présent. En 2011, il a été nommé directeur des Archives du Maroc par Sa Majesté le Roi Mohammed VI.
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Date : Thursday 8 September 2016 15:05-16:35
Room : Auditorium
Available in languages ARA CHI ENG FRA KOR RUS SPA
The United Nations Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals (the Mechanism) is responsible for the continuation of the residual functions of the International Criminal Tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia upon the completion of their mandates. One of these functions in the management of the estimated six linear kilometres of physical and two petabytes of digital records and archives generated as a result of the work of the two Tribunals over the course of the past twenty-plus years, in addition to the records which will continue to be generated as a result of the work of the Mechanism itself. As documentation of some of the greatest violations of human rights to have occurred in the twentieth century, the archives of the International Criminal Tribunals have contributed to the on-going process of reconciliation in the affected communities and to forms the basis of the developing field of international criminal law. The Mechanism is fully committed to transparency in the form of enhanced accessibility of the records and archives in its custody. Equally as important, however, is the need to protect confidential information contained within the archives of the Tribunals, including information for which court orders prohibit public access and information which, if revealed to the public, could threaten the safety, and indeed, even the very lives, of the individuals who have testified before the Tribunals under the conditions of anonymity. The Panel Session which the Mechanism proposes for inclusion in the 2016 International Council on Archives Congress, within the theme of "Use of records and archives in justice, advocacy and reconciliation", will explore the various ways in which the Mechanism continues to strive for enhanced accessibility balanced with measures to protect the safety and security of confidential information. The Panel Session will include an overview of the types of records and archives maintained by the Mechanism and the governance and principles which guide the management of the archives.
Tom ADAMI, Martha HUNT, Chiara BIAGIONI, Samuel ALGOZIN
Tom ADAMI, Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals (MICT), Tanzania
Mr Adami has been an information manager for over 25 years from working at the National Archives of Australia to working with the United Nations since 1999. He has been engaged in archival work with the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and with the UN Archives in New York as well as having had several postings with UN Peacekeeping missions in Africa
Martha Hunt, Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals (MICT), Tanzania
Ms Hunt has worked as the Audiovisual Archivist for the UN Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals since 2013, and with the Judicial Records of the UN International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda for ten years before that. She has also worked in the fields of film and photographic preservation. She holds a Bachelor's degree in film and television production from New York University, and is a graduate of the Selznick School of Film Preservation.
Chiara Biagioni, Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals (MICT), Tanzania
Ms Biagioni is the Legal and Policy Adviser in the Assistant Secretary-General's Office at the United Nations Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals. A passionate promoter of the critical role of archivists, Ms Biagioni worked towards mainstreaming archival management in the institution. Among several initiatives, she created the Mechanism's COBRA Team - a joint task force of archivists, witness protection specialists and lawyers - which monitors and responds to confidentiality breaches of the Mechanism's classified judicial records. Previously, she worked at the United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda and holds a Masters degree in Human Rights Law from Harvard University.
Samuel ALGOZIN, Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals (MICT), Tanzania
Mr Algozin heads the Legal Section of the Office of the Registrar, Mechanism for International Criminal Tribunals, Arusha branch. He has also served as an Appeals Counsel with the Office of the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, as a public defender in Chicago, and as a legal aid attorney representing public housing residents.
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Friday 9 September - Previous Day
Date : Friday 9 September 2016 09:50-11:20
Room : HALL E1+2
P169 Repurposing Archival Content For Advocacy At The National Of Archives Of Malaysia
Available in languages ENG
Archival advocacy is an important aspect of the archival practice and part of an archivists' core work. It has now become part of the mandate and mission of an archival institution. Globally the Archives are increasingly trying to increase the public awareness about archives and the archival profession. Successful archives are those that can be relevant to those who need, value and use them, and continuously reach out to new audiences. In an effort to reach out to new and wider spectrum of audiences in the new millennium age the National Archives of Malaysia (NAM) began to explore new approaches in making archival materials accessible. In 2011, NAM as one of Malaysian content players were selected to participate in the My Creative Content project, an initiative under the Malaysian Economic Transformation Programme (ETP), aimed at elevating Malaysia to be a developed-nation status by 2020. The project is under The Communications, Content and Infrastructure (CCI) NKEAs, one of the 12 National Key Economic Areas (NKEAs), representing economic sectors which account for significant contributions to GNI. The CCI NKEA is aimed at enriching the content space in terms of value and quality of content produced. Digitized content are re-purpose, promote and commercialised as Malaysia’s cultural richness and to support Malaysia’s creative content industry to become a regional hub for digital content. In tandem with the government’s program, NAM chose to enhance its’ program call ‘This Day in History’ or commonly known in our native language as ‘Hari Ini Dalam Sejarah’ (HIDS). The programme which started in 1982, is a reflection of Malaysian history depicting daily historical national event aired over Radio and Television Malaysia and NAM portal. This program is aimed at raising the awareness and appreciation of Malaysians on the nation’s history as well as to support the government’s effort in enhancing the formation of national identity and also to facilitate Malaysia’s shift towards a knowledge-based economy.
Norehan JAAFFAR
Norehan JAAFFAR, National Archives of Malaysia, Malaysia
A senior archivist at the National Archives of Malaysia (NAM). Currently heads the Electronic Records Management Section. Has worked in various departments at NAM for the past 30 years. Graduated from University of Malaya in Bachelor of Arts in 1985. Also holds a post graduate diploma in Information Management (Records and Archives) from University of New South Wales, Australia and a Master in Information Management (Records and Archives) from the Monash University, Australia. Working experiences includes overseeing acquisition of archives collection, setting up exhibitions, organizing seminars, participating in NAM electronic records projects and setting up digital archives. Other experiences includes as the Malaysian secretariat for the 2008 International Congress Archives (ICA) held in Kuala Lumpur and also as the Project Manager for My Creative Content Project at NAM from 2011 until 2014. Currently as part of the Subject Matter Expert team for Malaysian Administrative Modernisation and Management Planning Unit (MAMPU) project on the implementation of ERMS across the Malaysian public sector
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Available in languages ENG
This paper presents the potential of photographs as lieux de memoire or sites of memory in addressing issues on human rights and justice, promoting historical consciousness and in reconciling memories among individuals. It combines both archival theory and practice, which merges the concept of provenance with semiotic theories and methodologies to come up with a framework which archivists can use in operationalizing photographs as sites of memories. This study is part of an ongoing Ph.D. research project that documents contesting collective memories on Martial Law in the Philippines as evoked by photographs. Martial Law (Batas Militar) was declared in the Philippines by President Ferdinand Marcos through Proclamation 1081 on September 21, 1972, and was claimed by the Marcos government as a result of the alleged threats to national security such as simultaneous demonstrations, riots, and random bombings in the Greater Manila area. The formation of Marcos’ concept of a “New Society” brought sudden changes in the social, economic and political structures of the country, including censorship and controlling of mass media, arrest and detention of editors, journalists, political leaders, student leaders, and innocent civilians, and among many other human rights violations. Even though the two-decade dictatorship had already ended decades ago, and democracy was reinstated in the country, this era is still highly contested with the existence of different memory sites and commemorative activities that present opposing sides – one showing the atrocities committed by the state and military run by Marcos, and the other presenting the heroism and good deeds of Marcos and his family. With the help of the photographs of Martial Law that are still in the hands of photographers who were once members of an underground group of photojournalists during that time, more information that will help fill in the gaps of the collective memory and history of this era will be gathered.
Iyra BUENROSTRO
Iyra BUENROSTRO, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
Iyra obtained both her Bachelor of Library and Information Science (cum laude) and Master of Library and Information Science (with specialization in Archival Studies) from the University of the Philippines Diliman in 2005 and 2010, respectively. She is a full time faculty member at the School of Library and Information Studies, University of the Philippines Diliman and has taught courses on Library and Information Science and Archival Studies. She is now on study leave as she pursues her Ph.D. in Information Studies at Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University (NTU) in Singapore where she is a recipient of NTU Research Scholarship. Her research interests include documentation and collective memory, use of photographs in historiography, and preservation of archives heritage.
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Date : Friday 9 September 2016 09:50-11:20
Room : HALL E6
Presentations : P177 / P178 / P179
P177 The Forced Adoptions History Project Social Archive: an opportunity for restorative justice
Available in languages ENG
The National Archives of Australia has for many years’ undertaken programs that explore difficult histories, with objective to enhance access to records and enable opportunities or provide spaces for restorative justice to people living with traumatic histories. The first of these was Between Two Worlds: the Commonwealth Government and the removal of Aboriginal children of part-descent in the Northern Territory – a ground-breaking exhibition which toured Australia in the 1990s. It featured the Australian government records interspersed with personal stories told by those affected by government policies to remove Indigenous children from families. More recently, the National Archives’ Forced Adoptions History Project provides a seminal response to the Australian Government’s 2013 National Apology for Forced Adoptions. The Archives developed a national project with international relevance to women’s rights, the role of archival records and community experience. The project provided a forum for public acknowledgement, recognition and validation of the enduring impact of late twentieth century forced adoptions on tens of thousands of women and their families. This practice was identified as ‘unethical, dishonest and in many cases illegal’ in the 2012 Australian Senate’s Inquiry report, ‘Commonwealth Contribution to Former Forced Adoption Policies and Practices’. The project encompassed an exhibition Without Consent: Australia’s past adoption practices, and a parallel crowd-sourcing website that made this project accessible around Australia and internationally, where individual’s experiences have been shared, creating a living ‘social archive’.
Both elements illustrate the continuing significance of archival collections in the digital age as sources of trustworthy evidence of the impact that decisions of government have and continue to have on people, families and communities. By combining archival records with community and individual experiences and personal records, the project delivers enriched life-long learning experiences, and a deeper appreciation of a nation’s living social history – one that is now shared by the community with Archives.
Shaun ROHRLACH
Shaun ROHRLACH, National Archives of Australia, Australia
Shaun joined the National Archives in 2012, with his current role responsible for coordinating the Archives’ access programs including touring exhibitions and national galleries, public and education programs, visitor services, and online access projects and external collaborations. Previously, he also coordinated communications, publishing, and partner and sponsorship development. Prior to working at the Archives, his experience includes national communications roles for several Commonwealth Government agencies and peak bodies including integrity agencies, service agencies and the school education sector, managing international university education programs and partnerships, ministerial and MP advisor roles, managing a design and print SME, and representative student organisations.
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SESSION 9.5 / P178 One Law for Information and a Giant Leap for Democracy: Brazilian archival legislation and its ability to strengthen transitional justice
Available in languages ENG
March 31, 1964 is an important date in the history of Brazil because it marks the beginning of the Military Regime. From that date onwards, a series of restrictive measures on the liberty of citizens was implemented, such as laws of exception and the proscription of political rights. Twenty years after the beginning of the Regime, in 1985, the movement “transition into democracy” is launched. An important part of this movement was the mobilization of the parents of assassinated individuals, or of those who suffered some type of abuse. These parents sought out the support of society in order to obtain justice, launching in the mass media a discussion on the importance of the access to the archives of that era. Starting in the 1990’s, a discussion in favor of the opening of archives arose in many countries due to its importance and significance for human rights. Possibly influenced by these discussions, Brazil passed Law Nr. 8.159 in 1991, known as the “Law of Archives”. Although its text stipulated that public administration was to be held responsible for allowing the access to documents, the Law excluded the archives produced by military institutions and it established, for the first time, deadlines for the restriction of access to documents. Paradoxically, four years later Law Nr. 9.140 was passed, which recognizes the responsibility of the Brazilian State in the death of militants and establishes that their parents shall be compensated. However, how could the facts be verified without the proof which is inherent to the military archives and with restrictive measures of access? In 2005, Law Nr. 11.111 defined the composition of the Commission of Inquiry and Analysis of Confidential Information and reinforced the practice of “eternal confidentiality”. This Law stimulated confusion because it determined the right to information and, at the same time, established the right to intimacy, to privacy, to honor and to public image, without the appropriate methodological indicatives as to its practical application.
Shirley FRANCO, Georgette MEDLEY
Shirley FRANCO, National Chengchi University, Chinese Taipei
Earned a Master's and a Ph.D. degrees in Information Science in 2003 and 2012, respectively, both from the University of Brasilia (UnB). In 2013, she completed her Master's thesis in Interaction Design and Information Architecture at the University of Baltimore (Maryland). Last year, performed a postdoctoral in Social History at the Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro (UNIRIO). Her interests include the social, cultural and political dimensions of Records Management and Archives, especially public policies on access to archival information, and Archives as a social memory. Mrs. Franco has a SAA membership since 2014.
Georgette Medley, University of Brasília, Brazil
not provided
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Available in languages ENG
The National Archives of Nepal was established in 1967 with the objective of managing and preserving the manuscripts and historical documents and furthering research and publication endeavors. The archives works under the Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation. National Archives has membership of ICA since 1967.
There are approximately fifty thousand manuscripts in collection of National Archives. The document collection is comprised of some of the oldest and most unique Nepalese records dating back to 3rd. Century B.C. The manuscripts are in the form of legends, moral stories and dramas, astrology, medicine, philosophy, religion along with various other types of historical documents, such as Royal decree, orders issued by the government and authorized officials, treaties, historical letters and huge amount of records compiled by government, civil servants and national newspapers. In addition to them,numbers of microfilms are in its possession that amounts to 5,300,000 folios in 181500 individual manuscripts preserved therein.
The National Archives Preservation Act 2046 (1989 A.D. ) and Archives Preservation Rule, 2063 (2007 A.D.) is enacted with the objective of managing and preserving the manuscripts and historical documents in the country. National Archives facilitates and counsels to the related agencies in awareness and preservation of their documents and helps conserve of their archival wealth.
Upon the request of the researchers and related agencies it provides copies of authenticated material which may be useful in delegating justice help in advocacy and reconciliation work within Nepal.With this purpose documents of land ownership, National and International treaties old maps, authorized official papers, historical documents; religious manuscripts are in demand. These archival documents are playing vital role in different cases. As a nation, Nepal has many treaties signed between its neighboring countries during historical period. Such treaties are indispensable as evidence in conflict management between them.
Saubhagya PRADHANANGA
Saubhagya PRADHANANGA, National Archives, Nepal
Ms. Saubhagya Pradhananga is currently working as the Chief of National Archives that works under the Department of Archeology, Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation. She has earned with Gold Medal her Master’s Degree in Nepali History, Culture and Archaeology from Tribhuvan University, Nepal. She has published more than 40 articles on tangible and intangible cultural heritage of Nepal.
She is now working as coordinator in salvaging the historical monuments including rescue of historical documents of various organization that was devastated during the earth quake of 2015 in Nepal. She is presently engaged in the preservation of the archival documents and raise the awareness of national archives of Nepal and its collections. She is going to published soon a book on the collection of Painted Illustrations from Manuscript Covers of the National Archives, Nepal.
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SESSION 9.7 RECONCILIATION PART 4
Date : Friday 9 September 2016 09:50-11:20
Room : 308
Presentations : P181 / P182 / P183
P181 New Human Right Archives in Chile: an effort to reconstruct memory
Available in languages SPA
A partir del retorno a la democracia en Chile (1990), se abrieron a la consulta pública y a la valorización documental, varios archivos que se habían generado durante los años de la represión. Entre ellos, los Archivos de la Vicaría de la Solidaridad y los de la Comisión Chilena de DDHH, así como los de FASIC y CODEPU han sido un gran aporte para la reconstrucción de la memoria en el país y la búsqueda de la justicia para los familiares de personas asesinadas, detenidas desaparecidas y para otros maltratados. La mayoría de estos Archivos continúan en manos de las propias organizaciones de base y son atendidos por ellos con diversos grado de desarrollo profesional y recursos.Un tiempo después de la apertura pública de esos documentos y buscando la forma de protegerlos, se presentó la solicitud y se aprobó su incorporación al proyecto "Memory of the Word" (Polonia agosto 2003).Después de 25 años de vida democrática, todavía aparecen documentos relacionados con DDHH en Chile: se trata de la documentación de las cárceles de las diferentes regiones del país, donde constaban las detenciones de muchas personas perseguidas por razones políticas. Estos docuemntos, en su mayoría, aún se encuentran en los propios Archivos de las cárceles por falta de una regulación que obligue a estas instituciones de entregarlos al Archivo Nacional.Recientemente, gracias a la investigación judicial aparecieron documentos enterrados dentro de un contenedor en la localidad de "Villa Baviera", lugar donde funciona desde hace más de 50 años la llamada "Colonia Dignidad". Esta institución dirigida hasta hace algunos años por el tristemente célebre Paul Scheaffer quien, además de atropellar seriamente los derechos de muchos jóvenes colonos alemanes, abusaba sexualmente de niños chilenos y, durante su dirección, sirvió como centro de detención y tortura de muchos perseguidos por la dictadura chilena de Pinochet y fue en ese contexto que se descubrieron los documentos enterrados.
Emma DE RAMóN
Emma DE RAMóN, Archivo Nacional de Chile, Chile
Doctora en Historia. Ha trabajado como académica en la Universidad Alberto Hurtado y en la Universidad de Chile. Es investigadora en temas de historia colonial de Chile, Historia de las mujeres y de archivística para la propia Universidad de Chile. Fue Directora del Archivo Histórico Nacional (2015-2015) y desde abril de 2015 es Directora del Archivo Nacional de Chile.
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P182 Overcoming the division of the state: The role of the German federal archives
Available in languages ENG
The division of Germany for more than four decades and the reunification in 1990 has left deep marks in the collective memory of the nation. There is no example of merging two states with such vastly different political systems which has worked so smoothly. Nevertheless the citizens and the institutions have to face a lot of challenges originated by the German division. The German federal Archives as the German national archives play a decisive role in the process of coming to term with the past and give access to the historical records. Thus everyone can make up its own mind and reappraise official interpretations. The proposed paper will describe the federal archives’ role from different perspectives: - The first perspective is the perspective of a reunified institution. The federal archives itself underwent a long process of merging different institutions. More than 20 archival institutions from the former GDR were integrated in the federal archives. In this process more than 20 offices had to be shut down, archivists who had worked for the secret state police lost their job for ever, a while or were relegated. Archival methods had to be unified. Sometimes the compromises found were political ones and from an archival point of view big mistakes with consequences until today. - The second perspective are the legal bearings of the unification. Until today the records help citizens to get delayed acquittal for crimes they did not commit or to get compensation for harm they suffered in prison. - In the historical perspective the records continue to reveal the most amazing relation between the two halves of the nation, which is especially thrilling where the records of both sides can be compared for example in the case of east German prisoners who were redeemed from the western authorities.
Andrea HAENGER
Andrea HAENGER, Federal Archives of Germany, Germany
Dr. Andrea Haenger is Vicepresident of the Federal Archives of Germany, where she has worked since 2002. Before becoming Vicepresident in 2015 she was head of the general archival matters section and led the digital preservation project. Previously she worked at the University of Freiburg and the Museum of modern German history in Bonn. She received a PhD in modern history, than undertook her post-graduate archival training at the Archivschule Marburg.
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Available in languages ENG
The Federal Republic of Germany is faced with the heritage of two dictatorships in the 20th century. The period of national socialist reign since 1933, leading to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 and ending with Germany’s total surrender in 1945, can be considered as one of the most cruel and murderous terror regimes in recent world history. With a certain delay, the Federal Republic began to tackle the task of dealing with its dark past. Work was done – in rather different intensity and with quite different degrees of success – on several fields, among them the judicial investigation of national socialist crimes, the historical research in structures and techniques of national socialist reign, the compensation payments to former forced labourers, and the efforts to collect, memorise and remember the names and fates of as many victims as possible. Archives in general and the German Federal Archives in particular played a crucial role in each process mentioned. The Federal Archives did not only safeguard and make accessible the sources of the central civil authorities of the German Reich and of the NSDAP whenever possible. It also actively participated in the reconciliation and remembrance work, for example by supporting the edition “Persecution of the Jews 1933-1945” or by presenting the web portals “Forced Labour in the National Socialist State” and “Victims of the persecution of Jews under the Nazi dictatorship in Germany 1933-1945”. The presentation will give a short overview of the holdings and collections that are particularly relevant for research in the history of the national socialist dictatorship and then focus on three pillars of the Federal Archives’ contribution to coming to terms with the past: The records of the Central Office for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes. These records, collected since 1958 and including diverse testimonies of crimes, witness reports, indictments and verdicts, have to a large extent been transferred to the Federal Archives.
Tobias HERRMANN
Tobias HERRMANN, Federal Archives in Koblenz, Germany
Dr. Tobias Herrmann, Head of Section GW 1 of the Federal Archives in Koblenz: General Archival Matters, Strategic Planning, Public Relations - studied History, Politics, Economics and German philology at the universities of Aachen, Nottingham and Bonn from 1994 to 2006 - received his doctorate at the university of Bonn in 2006 with a thesis on the beginnings of written local administration in the late middle ages - completed a two-year-internship at the German Federal Archives (Bundesarchiv) in Koblenz, Berlin and Freiburg and the Archives School (Archivschule) in Marburg in 2008 - was head of the Ludwigsburg branch office of the German Federal Archives from 2008 to 2012, responsible for the documents of the German Central Office for the Investigation of National Socialist Crimes- works in the department for General Archival Matters of the German Federal Archives in Koblenz since 2012, responsible mainly for public relations, international relations, web presence, assistance to the President
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SESSION 9.9 MANAGING RECORDS OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
Date : Friday 9 September 2016 09:50-11:20
Room : 327
Presentations : P187 / P188 / P189 / P190
P187 The Future of the Archives on the Fukushima Nuclear Accident
Available in languages ENG KOR
It can be considered that the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident, caused by the Great East Japan Earthquake on 11 March 2011, was a man-made catastrophe. Since Fukushima residents who have been evacuated their home are discriminated economically and mentally.
This presentation will examine the role of records and archives on the nuclear accident to support the preservation of the Fukushima nuclear accident. I would like to focus on public and private records/archives. On the one hand, public records as evidential documents for a trial are needed to solve the issues of human rights abuses on the Fukushima nuclear disaster, and on the other hand Private archives are needed to reduce the psychological impacts as well as to preserve evidence of the accident.
Public records on the nuclear accident are highly confidential data, so that documents possessed by the Japanese government, Fukushima prefecture, and Tokyo Electric Power Company (TEPCO) are permitted to access. However, these records could be an important evidence to investigate the nuclear accident, for example The Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Disaster: Investigating the Myth and Reality.
Private archives such as family memorabilia are difficult to protect because of the risk of radiation exposures. Fukushima residents lived in the evacuation zone are forced to abandon their personal belongings due to high levels of radiation. The residents of Fukushima, in fact, need to return to a normal life, so that the protection of archives comes later. Nevertheless, several attempts to preserve private archives.
I believe that the preservation of evidence should not be relied on national policy at that moment, and need a very long-term vision. Professionals of records and archives are required to preserve the evidence and memory for the future generations in order not to follow the same path.
Arika KANEKO
Arika KANEKO, The University of Tokyo Archives, Japan
ACADEMIC QUALIFICATIONS
Graduate School of Global Studies Doctral Course, Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Japan （April 2015 - present)
：Publicity activities of the United States in Okinawa during the post war period
WORK EXPERIENCE
Training at The University of Tokyo Archives（2015 – present）
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SESSION 9.9 / P188 The job and role of record management specialists for design records management
Available in languages ENG KOR
첨부파일 내용 참조
Hye Rin JEONG
Hye Rin JEONG, Korea Power Engineering, Republic of Korea
2010.08~ : 한국전력기술(주) 기록관리전문요원
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P189 Archives and Records in Korean Nuclear Power Plant over the Life Cycle
Available in languages ENG KOR
Archives and Records (A&R) in Korean nuclear power plant (NPP), starts to develop as soon as a design organization begins the review of license requirement, and continues throughout the design process, construction, operation and maintenance. In A&R of NPP, it is the most essential value not being agitated by various shaped voices requested by various authorities such as government, license authority, NGO organizations and power companies, and omitted parts should not be created, and consistently recording and managing all Design Knowledge (DK). Nuclear DK must be maintained and managed such that it is accessible and available and can be utilized to support organizational needs as and when required. The DK encompasses a wide scope and a tremendous amount of detail. It is multi-disciplinary, complex, and highly inter-dependent. It includes knowledge of the original design assumptions, constraints, rationale, and requirements. DK exists in both tacit and explicit forms, both forms are required and are complementary. In a licensed facility, it is embedded in licensing documents, and finally it exists as tacit and experiential knowledge in experts’ heads. Collectively, all of this DK and its derived information forms a “knowledge base” that needs to be maintained and kept aligned and consistent, both with the original requirements and specifications and with the physical design and condition of the plant over time. If the design change is required, it should be maintained and managed so that we can access, capture, utilize the first and current design input data for the safety of NPP anytime. The most important parts of archives and records in NPP is how we can prevent the disconnection, loss of valuable DK caused from the absence of management, and minimize it by effective transfer.
Jaekyu LEE
Jaekyu LEE, KEPCO E&C, Republic of Korea
Mr. Lee is a Senior Vice President at the Human Resource Development Center in KEPCO E&C since 2013. Prior to taking this position, he had been in charge of the business development & marketing department (2005~2012) and participated in the designing, engineering, construction and start-up of more than 10 nuclear power projects (1984~2004). His practice consists primarily of the implementation of nuclear engineering and, in particular, the extensive experiences in all aspects of nuclear power project including nuclear business development, engineering, commissioning, feasibility study, bidding process, negotiation and contract.
He has acquired such various nuclear knowledge and experience through the Korean YGN 1&2 NPP Project, UCN 3&4 NPP Project, YGN 3&4 NPP Project, OPR100 NPP Project and Shin-Kori 1&2 NPP Project. He is a Mechanical Professional Engineer (PE) and a member of the Korean Professional Engineer Association.
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P190 Classification of Design Documents Records for Korean Nuclear Power Plant
Available in languages ENG KOR
This paper is intended to introduce the case of classification criteria, classification systems, related procedures and utilization methods of a large quantity of design document records which are created for a Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) and are frequently searched, revised, and used by many organizations and participants.
Nuclear power plants require about 60~80 years from planning, design, purchase, construction, commissioning, operation and maintenance, to the end of the NPP life cycle. The NPP project is accompanied by many regulations and restrictions to secure the safety and quality and strict control by licensing authorities, and the design document records required for the NPP should be efficiently utilized during operation and maintenance as well as under the construction phase. In other words, all design document records created during the whole life cycle should be systematically classified and managed during the whole life cycle of the NPP.
Considering the natures mentioned above, NPP documents have their own document record classification and identification system for the document archives instead of using the Universal Decimal Classification for business administrative document records. To satisfy these needs, the design document records for the NPP uses Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) which is employed to systematically classify and manage the NPP project as a basic management tool. For the understanding and proper use of design document records classification system and identification, we established WBS and Project Numbering System procedure as sub-chapters of Project Procedure Manual which is the top-tier guidance of project management for systematically classifying all design document records and putting an identification number on from the early stages of a project.
Hae Jeong LEE
Hae Jeong Lee, KEPCO E&C, Republic of Korea
Mr. Lee is a General Manager at the Project Management Technology Development in KEPCO E&C. Concurrently he has been in charge of an adjunct professor in HanGi Engineering Training Center(2011~) and participated in the designing, engineering, construction and start-up of more than 10 nuclear power projects (1991~). His practice consists primarily of the implementation of nuclear power plant planning, scheduling including nuclear business development, bidding process, negotiation and contract as a Cost & Schedule Group Supervisor.
He has acquired such various nuclear knowledge and experience through the Korean YGN 5&6 NPP Project, SKN 3&4 NPP Project, SHN 1&2 NPP Project, SHN 3&4 NPP Project and CJN 1&2 NPP Project. He is a Project Management Professional (PMP) and a member of the Korean Project Management Association.
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SESSION 10.3 RECONCILIATION PART 5
Date : Friday 9 September 2016 11:45-13:15
Room : HALL E6
Presentations : P196 / P197/ P198
P196 Reconciliation of a nation – the part of archives
Available in languages ENG
In early October of 2008 a financial crisis struck Iceland that would impact the Icelandic nation in the years to come. In only a few days three major banks in Iceland collapsed along with a sharp currency devaluation of the Icelandic Krona. Althingi, the Icelandic parliament, passed a bill that allowed the minister of finance to address the current situation on the financial markets (known as the “Emergency laws”). The economic conditions in Iceland worsened. Companies became bankrupt and unemployment increased. The financial crisis also led to a political crisis that ended with the government resigning in the shadow of a large public protest against the government. Soon there was a public demand that there should be an official investigation on what caused the financial crisis and if Icelandic politicians and officials failed in any way. The Icelandic parliament established an investigation commissions to investigate and analyse the processes leading to the collapse the banks in Iceland and related events. During the investigations an extensive archives of the commissions were created and under the law of the commissions the archives were transferred to the National Archives of Iceland when the commissions finished their work. Archives of three special investigation commissions are now preserved in the National Archives. The archives of the commissions have in many ways been reconciliation for the people of Iceland on the financial crisis. The documents in the archives are evidence on the background of the crisis, activities and even negligence of politicians and businessmen that were the key players in years prior to the 2008 crisis. The Althingi Prosecutor based its prosecution in 2010-2012 against former Prime Minister for negligence on documents from the archives. Lawyers representing businessmen that have been charged for financial crimes, have also requested access to the archives and the Icelandic media in its effort to shed light on events and key players of the financial crisis.
Njörður SIGURDSSON
Njörður SIGURDSSON, National Archives of Iceland, Iceland
M.A. in history from University of Iceland. Archivist at Reykjavík Municipal Archives 2000-2006 and archivist at National Archives of Iceland 2006-2012. Director of Acquisition & Consulting at National Archives of Iceland from 2012. Lecturer in archival science at University of Iceland since 2012.
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Available in languages ENG
The lack of public access to archives in South Africa has been repeatedly addressed through various forums such as conferences and seminars, yet it remains a persistent troubling matter. Some archival groups such as the Justice (only individual files), Truth and Reconciliation Commission, Rivonia Trial (only individual files) and others cannot be accessed due to a number of reasons associated with physical, bibliographic and intellectual access. This paper investigates how archival access of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) in South Africa can be transformed through the freedom of information legislation to lead to justice, advocacy and reconciliation work relating to apartheid injustices. Primary data was collected through interviews with purposively selected archivists responsible for sensitive records at the National Archives and Records Services of South Africa chief information officer at the Department of Justice, records manager at the Department of Correctional Services, Promotion of Access to Information Act (PAIA) unit at the South African Human Rights Commission, as well as activists who have used PAIA from the South African History Archive and Open Democracy Advice Centre. Preliminary findings suggest that lack of access to archives is due to lack of awareness, inadequate training around PAIA, as well as inadequate records management in governmental bodies. The paper recommends that access provision of PAIA needs to be reconciled with the public interests in accessing archives.
Mpho NGOEPE
Mpho NGOEPE, University of South Africa, South Africa
Mpho Ngoepe is an associate professor in the Department of Information Science at the University of South Africa. Prior to his current position at Unisa, Prof Ngoepe has worked for the United Nations Children’s Fund, Auditor-General South Africa and the National Archives of South Africa. Prof Ngoepe is serving in the national committee of the South African Society of Archivists (2009-2017) and the board of Eastern and Southern Regional Branch of the International Council on Archives (2009-2017) and the Council of Gauteng Provincial Archives (2015-2017). He has published widely on archives and records management, as well as three award winning anthologies of Northern Sotho short stories.
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P198 The role of records and archives in the support of Brazilian National Truth Commission's work
Available in languages ENG
Truth Commissions belong to a set of strategies and approaches used by transitional justice in post-conflict societies, aiming to work as a government initiative to respond to past abuses, to deal with a legacy of violence and to promote sustainable justice throughout accountability, reparations and reforms. The Brazilian National Truth Commission (2012-2014) was a result of many years of efforts made by civil society organizations, church groups and groups of torture victims and family members of killed and disappeared people. Although many official commissions of investigation were created since the end of the dictatorship in 1985, lists of several hundred victims were published and reparations were paid to the victims and their families, there was still a demand for the creation of a truth commission hoping that it could enforce the army and other public bodies to collaborate with the investigations and disclose further documents which could locate the remains of the disappeared. Therefore in 2011, President Dilma Rousseff approved the law (No. 12.528/2011) which created the commission, aiming to find the truth regarding human rights violations (including non-political reasons related) from 1946 to 1985, “rescue the past” and promote national reconciliation. The commission´s final report was completed in December 2014 and, six months later all documents received and produced during its work were transferred to the National Archives in Rio de Janeiro. The Commission's work was divided in three sections: information research, relations with civil society and institutions, and external communications. Research was carried out by 13 working groups divided by theme fields such as the killed and disappeared due to political reasons, dictatorship and gender, abuses against indigenous and peasants, and dictatorship and the justice system. It also researched specific events such as the Condor Operation and the Araguaia Guerrilla War.
Mônica TENAGLIA, Georgete Medleg RODRIGUES
Mônica Tenaglia, Faculty of Information Science, University of Brasília, Brazil, Brazil
I am a PhD student in Information Science at University of Brasília (started in 2014). I earned a BA in History (University of São Paulo, 2003) and a MA in Archives and Records Management (University College London (UCL), 2010). I have worked in archives and records centers in Brazil and England, including the University of the Arts London Archives and Special Collections Centre, where I worked as an Archivist for 5 years. I am back in Brazil and currently organizing the archives of the politician and environmentalist Marina Silva. Before that I worked as an Archivist at the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and at the National Truth Commission. I am a member of the research group “Information and Society” at University of Brasília which is lead by my PhD supervisor, Georgete Medleg Rodrigues. Last semester I taught the module “Access to Information Law and the National Truth Commission in Brazil” to archives and records management undergraduate students at University of Brasília. As part of my PhD studies I am researching the role that archives and records played within the investigations on human rights violations during the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964-1985), carried out by the National Truth Commission (2012-2014).
Georgete Medleg Rodrigues, Brazil
not provided
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Date : Friday 9 September 2016 11:45-13:15
Room : 317
P205 Safe havens for archives at risk
Available in languages ENG FRA KOR
Safe havens for archives at risk: All across the globe, archives are at risk: natural disasters, manmade violence, global warming. At the CITRA in Toledo in 2011 the archival community discussed the issues; a conference on archives at risk was also held by swisspeace in 2015. This session continues the discussion but with the focus on when and how other archives might support and provide a safe haven for archives at risk. The issues are complex, involving both the willingness of the country or archives whose materials are at risk to send copies to another institution for safekeeping; the willingness of another institution to serve as a guarantor for the safety of the materials but not make the materials available except with the consent of the creating institution, the technical capacities that are required in both sending and receiving institutions, and the funding of the program. Efforts have been started for a discussion on the nature of agreements that could be developed and coordination that would be required. Both swisspeace, acting with the Government of Switzerland, and UNESCO have taken the lead.
Trudy HUSKAMP PETERSON, David SUTTON, Rahel VON ARX, Jussi NUORTEVA
Trudy Huskamp Peterson, ICA Human Rights Working Group, USA
Trudy Huskamp Peterson is an archival consultant and certified archivist. She holds a Ph.D. in history from the University of Iowa. She spent twenty-four years with the U.S. National Archives, including more than two years as Acting Archivist of the United States. After retiring from the U.S. government, she was the founding Executive Director of the Open Society Archives in Budapest, Hungary, and then the director of Archives and Records Management for the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. She is a past president of the International Conference of the Round Table on Archives (1993-1995) and the Society of American Archivists (1990-1991) and is currently the chair of the International Council on Archives’ Human Rights Working Group and chaired the ICA working group on a standard for access to archives. She consulted with the truth commissions in South Africa and Honduras, the Special Court for Sierra Leone, the Nuclear Claims Tribunal of the Republic of the Marshall Islands, and worked for over three years with the police archives in Guatemala, training the staff in archival processes. Among her many publications are Final Acts: A Guide to Preserving the Records of Truth Commissions, a study of the records of twenty truth commissions, Temporary Courts, Permanent Records, a study of the records of five temporary international criminal courts, and “Securing Police Archives,” containing advice on managing records of police forces from former repressive regimes.
David Sutton, University of Reading Library, United Kingdom
Dr David Sutton has been Director of Research Projects in Reading University Library since 1982. He is editor of the Location Register of English Literary Manuscripts and Letters and UK editor of the WATCH copyright project (Writers Artists & Their Copyright Holders). He has been awarded the Benson Medal of the Royal Society of Literature for distinguished services to literature; the Archivist of the Year award (Scone Foundation, New York, 2006); and Honorary Fellowship of the Royal Society of Literature (FRSL, 2012). He is Chair of the Section for Archives of Literature and Art (SLA) in the International Council on Archives and Chair of the UK group called GLAM (Group for Literary Archives and Manuscripts). He has published extensively on literary manuscripts and on ways of tracing copyright holders, and his other interests include food history (contributor to the Oxford Symposium on Food & Cookery 2009-2016) and local politics (Leader of Reading Council 1995-2008: Chair of the Board of Reading Buses, 2010-date). See his University of Reading home page at: http://www.reading.ac.uk/library/contact/staff/d.c-sutton.aspx
Rahel von Arx, swisspeace, Switzerland
Rahel von Arx is a program officer in the Dealing with the Past program at swisspeace since early 2015. She works on the “Archives and Dealing with the Past” Project, which runs as a joint initiative with the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and the Swiss Federal Archives for the past five years. The project provides support to actors in the field of transitional justice related to the protection, preservation and management of human rights archives. Rahel has been in charge of organizing an international conference entitled “Securing archives at risk” in 2015. Currently, she fosters discussions specifically about “Save havens for archives at risks” both at the national level in Switzerland and at the international level. She monitors and coordinates specific projects, targeted at safeguarding archives relevant for dealing with the past, e.g. in the Marshall Islands and Zimbabwe. In the past, Rahel worked for the Task Force for Dealing with the Past and Prevention of Atrocities of the Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs and the Danish Refugee Council in West Africa. She holds an MA in International Affairs (Graduate Institute of International and Developments Studies in Geneva) and a BA in Sociology (University of Bern).
Jussi NUORTEVA, National Archives of Finland, Finland
not provided